The article is devoted to the problem of the ethnocultural identity of the multiethnic society in modern conditions. The ethnic history of the Chuvash people, the current state of their culture, language and philosophy are considered. Philosophical categories reflecting the philosophical thinking of the people formed on the basis of mythological beliefs and traditions are analyzed. In the context of globalization the ability of national cultures to be seen as a conforming component of the global culture is becoming an important factor. Identifying themselves as a part of the Russian state, interacting with the Volga region population, the Chuvash preserved the national culture and the language, which belong to the treasury of the world culture.