80301 2782-5450 4 255 2016

RAR RUS 9-18 Marasanova Victoria vmm@umyqr.ac.ru Loss of impuise of judicial reform 1864 in reflection of the documents of the Yaroslavl and Rybinsk district courts The article discusses the results of the judicial reform of 1864 through the example of the district courts of the Yaroslavl province – Yaroslavl and Rybinsk. They were among the first courts established in Russia, and studying of them helps to conceive the judicial system activity at the province level. Both the dignities of the new judicial institutions and drawbacks, increasing in their activity at the end of the 19th century, are shown. Personalities of the chairmen of the district courts are characterized. The increasing burden on judges and all court personnel in connection with the growing number of cases and changes in legislation, the relatively low level of wages and, thus, living conditions of judicial employees, the problems with the formation of the jury lists are described. The article finds that at first there was a notable impulse of the judicial reform given for the formation of the state of law and the development of the legal awareness in the society, but then it was spent. 10.5862/JHSS.255.1 93(470) judicial reform of 1864 district courts trial by jury Yaroslavl Province https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.1/ marasanova.pdf

RAR RUS 19-25 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Svetlana B. oulianova@mail.spbstu.ru

Polytechnicheskaya, 29, St.Petersburg, 195251, Russia

Workforce in the Soviet Industrial Project (the second half of 1920s – early 1930s) The paper dwells on the problem of personal support of the Soviet industrial project in the 1920s – early 1930s. The author analyzes the process of industrial transformation in the structure of employment and corresponding changes in the composition of the working class. The author draws attention to the adaptation of “old” and “new” workers to specialized, equipped, mechanized work places, to new – ranked and regulated – industrial work style. The author concludes that during the period under review newcomers began to play a key role in factory communities because of successful adaptation to a more intensive mode of labour and a certain destruction of traditional workshop culture. 10.5862/JHSS.255.2 94(47).65.011.55 Soviet society factory community industrialization “new workers” workshop culture https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.2/ ulyanova.pdf

RAR RUS 26-33 Lozovskaya Daria Issues of polytechnic education in the Russian Empire at the beginning of the XX century The relevance of this study is due to the need to thoroughly study the issues of polytechnic education in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. The methodological basis of the article is the principle of scientific objectivity when dealing with sources, excluding the impact of conditions on the analysis and interpretation of empirical data. Comparative-historical, formal-logical and structural and functional methods, along with a descriptive one, allowed the author to organize a considerable amount of factual information and identify the main sentiments in the Duma debate. The archival documents of the State Duma of the Russian Empire are analyzed in the article. Different approaches to polytechnic education by representatives of the political parties are disclosed. The basic course of discussions about the prospects of development of the national polytechnic school is shown. The problems hindering its development including the underestimation of the importance of polytechnic education are revealed. The archival materials presented in the article are first introduced into scientific use. They complement and develop our understanding of the national polytechnic school at the beginning of the 20th century. The reform of polytechnic education in Russia became the most urgent after the First World War. Plans to build a polytechnic school system in Russia were not implemented. Therefore, the Russian economy was not able to fully perform all tasks in the defense due to the lack of engineers and technicians. The material presented in the article can be used for studying the history of reforms of Higher Polytechnic School. 10.5862/JHSS.255.3 37.031.4+94(47).083 State Duma of the Russian Empire the First World War polytechnic education reform https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.3/ lozovskaya.pdf

RAR RUS 34-43 Prokhorova Elizaveta The Organization of the Food Control in Saint–Petersburg – Petrograd – Leningrad during the first three decades of the XXth century The article investigates to the problems of formation and development of the institute of the food inspectors in the first third of XX century. St. Petersburg – Petrograd – Leningrad. After analyzing the available materials and previously unpublished sources, the author comes to conclusion that, despite of the change of regime in Russia, the internal unity and continuity of the food control system was traced throughout the investigated period. However, due to the fact that, the organizational and legal principles of food surveillance were incorrectly laid, activities of sanitary and food experts was reduced as formal. The problem of the treatment to the issue of a permanent monitoring service in the field of food turnover is now becoming ever more relevant. It is primarily due to the fact that today the food security is at the forefront of priorities in the internal policy of the Russian Federation. 10.5862/JHSS.255.4 94.47 food control Petrograd reform of 1923th year Sanitary and Epidemiological subsection competences Hygiene authorities https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.4/ prokhorova.pdf

RAR RUS 44-52 Spichak Aleksandra Reports on the state of Tobolsk diocese 1856–1915 as historical source One of the most important documents of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Synodal period of its history was the Bishop’s reports to the Governing Holy Synod on the state of the dioceses, reflecting the main aspects of the Russian Orthodox Church in dioceses. The purpose of this article is to examine the content and presentation of reports on the state Tobolsk eparchy. The study was conducted at the intersection documental, historical, source study and historical and legal areas of study. Presents an analysis of the legislation on the status reports of the parishes, deaneries and dioceses, the results of the comparative analysis report of the Tobolsk diocese with similar documents in Tomsk, Tula, Ufa, Tver, Tambov dioceses. Special attention is paid to reflection in the diocesan records of the state office-work in the churches. 10.5862/JHSS.255.5 930.253 Tobolsk diocese regional Church history archival heritage Church records records of the state of the diocese https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.5/ spichak.pdf

RAR RUS 53-60 Troianowski Konstantin The Problem of Western Provinces Petty Nobility’s Positioning in Social Hierarchy of the Russian Empire in the First Half of the 19th Century The article focuses on imperial policies towards petty nobility which after the partitions of Poland-Lithuania’s Commonwealth became subjects of the Russian monarchs. Given that Russian imperial society was conceptualized as consisted of four broad social estates (sosloviia) nobility, clergy, urban and rural dwellers, the influence of social estate aspects on policies’ formulation is investigated. Perception of szlachta social estate as an equivalent to the Russian nobility was the primary motive for a series of measures designed to sort out petty szlachta into “authentic” nobles and usurpers. imperial administrators demonstrated more flexible approach in 1829–1830 when elaborating a project that institutionalised minor szlachta as a separate social estate with a privileged status. After the Polish insurrection of 1830–1831 Russian authorities abandoned the idea of adjusting soslovie estate structure of the empire to accommodate petty szlachta. A decree of 19 October 1831 established a new social estate of western odnodvortsy to accumulate szlachta whose noble status was not approved by the authorities. Devised as a semi-privileged status group it was seen by the russian officials as a primary instrument to integrate petty szlachta into imperial social structures. 10.5862/JHSS.255.6 94(47).07 Russian Empire Western Provinces Social Estates (Sosloviia) Szlachta Nobility Western Odnodvortsy https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.6/ troyanovskiy.pdf

RAR RUS 61-67 Lebedeva Larisa The transformation of the economic life of middle peasants during the period of the nep (On materials of the Penza province) The Bolsheviks’ agrarian policy of the first decade of the Soviet power is analyzed in the article: the attitude change towards middle peasants and representing them as the main agriculture forces. The author has found out the heterogeneity of middle peasants’ households, their division into three categories: “well-off”, “medium” and “not well-off” having tendency moving to poor households. The economic situation of middle peasants’ households has been considered: house, household outbuildings, the number of working and stand idle stock, the use of machinery. The author has come to the conclusion that the equalitarian reallocation of land contributed to the process of making village middle. During the period of the New Economic Policy the process of the economy renewal was slow and social cohesion was manifested in the poverty of the majority of households in terms of general impoverishment of village. Agricultural tools were primitive. A middle peasant’s household was economically weak. 10.5862/JHSS.255.7 94(47).084.3 social history agricultural history peasants middle peasants https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.7/ lebedeva.pdf

RAR RUS 68-73 Mikulenok Julia Emotional repertoire inhabitant of zhakt in the housing hunger in the 1920s (on the example of the south of Russia) The article discusses the emotional repertoire municipalized households in the early Soviet period (1920s.). The relevance of the research is caused by the increased interest in the history of the daily life and history of emotions. Today history of emotions is a new trend in historical science. The basic approaches to the research of this problem are theory of psychosocial development of personality, socialization (Freud, E. Erickson), the life-world and social interaction, gender (A. Schütz, V. Zemuner). Conception of "stream of consciousness" by W. James allowed to analyze the influence of psycho-emotional state of citizen on housing, which allows to consider complex emotional world of the inhabitant. In article analyzes the emotional world of the inhabitant. Identified emotional repertoire, which mainly consists of negative emotions: envy, anger, hatred, hostility and feelings of hopelessness. 1920s - a period of acute housing crisis. Trying to solve the "housing problem" the Soviet government began to carry out a new housing policy, one manifestation of which was the creation of communal apartments. Communal Living reflect the emotional state of roomers: the dirt, disorder and desolation of their living space have become the norm. In one house, apartment or room lived people who ddn't connected with each other. Communal apartment didn't reserve personal space and become a source of stress and conflict. The materials of the article can be used in the course of the Soviet period in educational institutions, in the preparation of teaching aids for students in scientific and educational work. 10.5862/JHSS.255.8 94(470)”1920”(479) The new housing policy “housing question” a housing crisis a communal apartment “emotional repertoire” https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.8/ mikulenok.pdf

RAR RUS 74-86 Shyrma Elena The relationship of great Britain and France in the context of European integration (1951-1992) was: historiographic aspect. The article is devoted to the study and analysis of the historiography on the problem of cooperation the UK and France in the context of Western European integration in 1951–1992. The Main methods used in the study of problems in the relations between Great Britain and France in the European integration (1951–1992). There are the methods of empirical research, typological and historical-of a system which allowed to track the development of relations between the two countries, in the framework of the European communities, and a reflection of this process in Russian and foreign historiography. In the article an overview of the numerous works of researchers of the foreign policy problems of Great Britain, France, and also Western European integration. Historiographical base is divided into three blocks: the first one works directly devoted to Franco-British relations; the second, studies concerning the foreign policy of Britain and France in the period 1951–1992; third General work is devoted to integration processes in Europe. The article is valuable for drawing up teaching aids for the course of the Modern history of Western Europe and North America. 10.5862/JHSS.255.9 930.85:327.57(410+44)”1951/1992” Britain France historiography European integration external policy review https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.9/ shirma.pdf

RAR RUS 87-95 Chernov Igor Spanish-speaking community and the nations of Latin America: linguo-political analysis The relevance of the study due to the growing influence of Latin American countries in international affairs, the active development of Russia’s ties with the region. In this context, this article aims to identify the role linguo-political association of Latin American countries in international political processes (as in historical perspective, and at the present stage). The author analyzes the data processes as an example of the struggle for the independence of Latin American countries, and at the present stage of registration of the Hispanic pole of world politics. The study is conducted on the basis of historical and generative method, with the involvement of linguistic methods and methodology of linguistic determinism (Sapir, Whorf). language is considered by us as the most important factor in the political process. For any political (and any other) community cannot function without a common language. That is, any social community is, above all, language community. Language change – is a kind of mirror of the socio-economic processes taking place in society, their quintessence. Therefore, it is the easiest language examples present a model of any historical or political process. It is shown that the linguistic related states create international political alliances on the basis of similar cultural and linguistic basis and, as a corollary, “addiction” to this or that ideology. However, this process begins and develops only in the confrontation of the “civilization” with other cultural and linguistic worlds. For example, “left turn” and the so-called “socialism of the XXI century” in Latin America was largely caused by the failure of neo-liberal ideology, which was seen as a product of “the Anglo-Saxon world.” it is shown that the preliminary disintegration of the Spanish-speaking linguistic community (Spain, Latin America) has its immediate outcome of the struggle for the independence of the American colonies from Spain and the creation of independent from the mother and from each other Hispanic American States. Now, at the present stage, to some extent, we can observe a revival of the old Latin American and Ibero-American unity to a new level (as, indeed, and between the UK and the US). Thus, it seems logical establishment of international political alliances of states on the basis of similar cultural and linguistic basis. Article submissions may be used for the analysis of prospects for the activities of international political alliances and serve the further development of linguo-political research. 10.5862/JHSS.255.10 327.5 nation linguistic community hispanophonia international relations regionalization international organizations https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.10/ chernov.pdf

RAR RUS 96-107 Sidorchuk Ilya chubber@rambler.ru Nicholas Marr on the post of Director of the State Academy for the History of Material Culture (1919-1920, 1922-1934) The relevance of the study due to the fact that the relationship between science and government in the transitional period of the 1920s in contemporary science investigated not complete and biased. In this regard, this article is aimed at disclosure of such ill-studied question of how the activities of Nicholas Marr as Director of the State Academy for the History of Material Culture (until 1926 – the Russian Academy for the History of Material Culture). As issues of history of Russian science is often examined under different ideological perspectives and based on certain policies, the author addressed the principles of epistemological neutrality S. Auroux. The author analyzed broad-spectrum of archival sources and researched the question how Nicholas Marr managed to work out the principle of relationship with the power which allowed protecting the interests of the Academy, successfully defended his linguistic theory and at the same time had the support of colleagues who supported his candidacy as director. In the conditions of aggravation of the ideological struggle of the 1920–30s, he is, on the one hand, sought to ease the purges in the Academy, but on the other, in the case of conflict with colleagues went to the union with young Marxists who supported his “new linguistic doctrine”. The author made a conclusion that the role of Nicholas Marr as Director of the State Academy for the History of Material Culture was ambivalent – he played decisive role in creation and functioning of the Academy but at the same time he was responsible for the aggression against their opponents, who joined in the repression of the 1930s, which affected the Academy. The results of the research can help in reconstruction of biography of Nicholas Marr and in analysis of the history of the relationship of the Soviet scientific community and power, the institutionalization of new scientific institutions in the post-revolutionary period. They can be used in the preparation and modernization of educational courses, which addresses the problems of the history of science and education. 10.5862/JHSS.255.11 94(47) «1918/1934» Nicholas Marr The Institute for the History of Material Culture science and power in USSR in 1920’s the history of science history of archaeology https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.11/ sidorchuk.pdf

RAR RUS 108-114 Gulyakin Svyatoslav Olof Palme's political activities in Swedish Social Democratic Youth League in the 1950s This article is devoted to the outstanding Swedish politician Olof Palme. The main aim of this work is to analyse his activity in the 1950’s on the post of the head of SSDYL (Swedish Social Democratic Youth League, SSU, Sveriges Socialdemokratiska Ungdomsförbund). It should be noted that the time spent in the SSU had a great impact on Palme’s career. Olof Palme acquired not only broad knowledge of the youth movement, but also established contacts with a large number of his followers. Many young people from the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League became in consequence, politicians: Bengt Göransson, later Minister of Culture, Ulf Larsson, future Palme’s state secretary, Rune Molin, minister without portfolio, and Britt Säfvelin, secretary of the trade union organization (LO – Landsorganisationen). The article also examines the position of Olof Palme on two important issues: the republic and the nuclear weapon. 10.5862/JHSS.255.12 32.019.5 Olof Palme Swedish Social Democratic Youth League youth movement politics political career republic nuclear weapon https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.12/ gulyakin.pdf

RAR RUS 115-121 Mironov Andrey Moral indifference as a social factor The article discusses the problem of moral indifference and its impact on the functioning of the social system. The emphasis is on the transformation of the individual in public relations communication. Analyzes the social causes of this phenomenon in specific historical periods. Reveals the relationship of crisis situations related to the revaluation of the common provisions, with the perception of the individual’s own essence. Emphasizes the potential of escalating moral indifference in behavioral form, representing social danger. 10.5862/JHSS.255.13 177 moral indifference public communications society anti-social behaviour egocentricity public interest general interest https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.13/ mironov.pdf

RAR RUS 122-131 Lezgina Marina Ivanov Vyacheslav The Epistemologic analysis of evolving of mathematical idea in modern times The purpose of this article is the philosophical analysis of development of mathematical idea in moderneuropian science. The main method of such analysis is the synthesis of historicity and logisticity in science in forming of scientific reality. Such method is added by hermeneutic methodology. In modern times, evolving mathematical idea makes a leap forward. The idea as such, divorced from practical ideas in the V–IV century BC and, having made a hermeneutic circle, overcoming the opposition of pure and applied mathematics, she returns to the practical problems. Since the mathematics is drawn to the study of processes – the transformation of geometric shapes – in the center of her attention is the study of the variables that caused the need for differential and integral calculus discoveries. This has led to the transformation of the object of mathematics: there was a turn from the study of the relationship between the constant values to the relationship between variables, which was the absolute novelty. From this point there is separating algebra from geometry and differentiation arises inside mathematics. The subject of mathematics changes also: if earlier it was the science of numbers and quantities, but now it becomes the science of number and form, ie, the general level of abstraction and generalization has risen to higher level. New perspectives and horizons of knowledge opens. The results, received by authors, can be used in numerous variants of research evolution of scientific reality. 10.5862/JHSS.255.14 1:001 idea mathematical idea modern times hermeneutic circle Cartesian empiricism rationalism conceptualism apriorism convencialism https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.14/ lezgina_ivanov.pdf

RAR RUS 132-138 Mureyko Larisa lamureiko@mail.ru Mimesis and recursion: the problem of social communication in the epistemological aspect Recursion is a property of mimesis, through which the system procedure produces a variety of numerous copies (of similarity). While still poorly understood, it is an important factor in evolutionary and ontological possibilities of effective self-regulation, self-awareness, intersubjectivity, social communication in General, including mass communication. Specifies the causes of mimesis, the varieties depending on what underlies it: the imitation of the model; object; another entity, likening the system of signs, screen, technology, mediating and replacing of object and subject. It is emphasized that recursion is a property, through to all types of mimesis that has communicative function. New is the specificity of recursion involving data from neurophysiology, anthropology, sociology, semiotics seen through the lens of epistemology. In this regard, the use of methods of comparative analysis, analogy, generalization, combine the methodology of interdisciplinary analysis. consideration of the mechanism of mimesis, the properties of the recursion has at least three practical applications: 1) to identify a broader horizon of cognitive possibilities and adaptation; 2) to optimize children’s learning and socialization as a whole; 3) to enhance effectiveness in the control of the mass consciousness. 10.5862/JHSS.255.15 1:165 mimesis recursion mirror neurons social communication mass media epistemology https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.15/ mureyko.pdf

RAR RUS 139-147 Bondarenko Marina Speech Disciplines in the System of Students’ Humanitarian Education The article considers the topical problem – formation of students’ speech culture. The topicality of this problem is connected with the fact that speech disciplines are excluded from the curriculum of most universities. The author analyzes scientific publications and identifies mistakes. An objective method of analysis is used and violation of standard Russian is found. Abstracts of scientific articles constitute the most numerous cluster. It is studied in detail to find violation of lexical compatibility. Method of continuous sampling was used to collect factual material. Statistical analysis was used for the results processing. The violation of lexical compatibility was found in 21 out of 100 summaries. Presented in the summary is the data that defines the sphere of science and reflects the qualification of the authors who have committed these mistakes. The articles on economic sciences are most numerous an constitute 28.6 % over 30 % of the authors who violated lexical collocation rules are the doctors of sciences; about 40 % are candidates of sciences (Ph.D.). The list of other typical mistakes is accompanied by the examples from various scientific genres. The findings were compared with the results of analysis of school graduates’ speech competencies. The author concludes that the level of proficiency in russian is almost unchanged even after university and post-graduate education. The article draws attention to the problem of speech culture of all those involved in the educational process. Contents of this article can be used for training students and postgraduates. 10.5862/JHSS.255.16 378.016: 811.161.1 Humanities education standards speech culture scientific text language self-realization normative Russian Language lexical compatibility https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.16/ bondarenko.pdf

RAR RUS 148-152 Sysoyev Pavel Controversial issues in implementation of the network education programs The paper addresses controversial aspects of the implementation of the network educational programs. Under network educational program the author means the model for organization of the educational process, which allows students to use resources of various organizations enrolled. In the paper the author defines the importance of network educational programs; discusses advantages of network educational programs in the modern Russia; discusses controversial issues of application of network educational programs. To the controversial issues the author refers the following: roles of partner-universities in education; recruiting university vs graduating university; modern network universities; curricula adjustment; low level of regional students’ proficiency; residence requirement and financial aspect. The results of the study can be used in the development of network educational programs. 10.5862/JHSS.255.17 378.046.4 informatization of education network educational program network education higher education https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.17/ sysoev.pdf

RAR RUS 153-160 Fersman Natalia Zemlinskaya Tatiana Teaching methods and techniques in the context of teachng students with clip thinkng cognitive style The article deals with the methods of learning due to the changes in thinking (clip thinking) and thus with the individual style of information perception of modern students. Different issues of clip thinking are under consideration. The authors address the matters of the effective innovative methods of learning that will help to develop clip-thinking students’ skills of analyses and classification of information. 10.5862/JHSS.255.18 378.4:811.111:159.9 vocational education and training teaching techniques innovative teaching techniques cognitive style of information perception clip thinking modern information society informaton and communicative environment https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.18/ zemlinskaya_fersman.pdf

RAR RUS 161-167 Grishina Natalia Methods of foreign language teaching based on cognitive styles of humanitarian students The article considers the issues on cognitive styles and tools to analyze humanitarian and engineering students’ styles. The author considers Cognitive Style Index of Allinson and Hayes as a tool for analyzing cognitive styles. Cognitive Style Index is the analysis of continuum of different cognitive categories. The research results can help to develop effective technologies in teaching foreign languages for humanitarian and technical students. Moreover, in the article we give the number of exercises based on cognitive styles of humanitarian students. The method of organizing the exercises based on the research may be a helpful tool for the lectures of any foreign language. 10.5862/JHSS.255.19 378+811.111 cognition cognitive style analysis tool cognitive style index stylistic characteristics humanitarian students https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.19/ zemlinskaya_fersman.pdf

RAR RUS 168-175 Obukhova Iuliia Tanova Anna Students’ non-learning activities in modern university: intrests and expectations The article is based on results of the SPbPU students’ research. The survey was carried out through questionnaires of 540 students at the age of 17–23. The questionnaire included questions about students attitude to different extracurricular activities, to students union and questions about their expectations, problems and needs. students distribution of answers calculation became the basis of the research. We identify the weak involvement of student in non-learning activities and the fact, that at the same time they nominate their high requirements for the organizational activities of the university and the student union. Also it was find high prevalence of opinion that organizational activities should engage students, despite the fact that only half of the respondents included in the student unions and other student organizations. 10.5862/JHSS.255.20 316.3 sociological survey questionnaire value orientation students’ needs and expectations higher education motivation https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.20/ obukhova_tanova.pdf

RAR RUS 176-183 Lyubin Anton Curator’s work with student group in a Medical Academy Curator’s work in a Medical Academy is represented. The idea of “curator” and “curator work” is analyzed in the article; the problems to solve are considered; solutions are proposed. Main attention is paid to the problem of upbringing of students in a Medical Academy in the terms of contemporary approaches in the organization of higher professional education in the context of modernization. Some pedagogical cases of curator’s activity are introduced; regularity support and curator’s functional duties are reviewed. The authors analyze the content and technology of a student group curator. The discovered system of automatic control and information processing are suggested. 10.5862/JHSS.255.21 37.01:378.18 curator educational work graduate medical education higher education institute student group https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.21/ lyubin.pdf

REV RUS 184-189 D-4531-2018 57202060159 0000-0002-4093-5236 Peter the Great St.Petersburg Polytechnic University Sergey V.

Polytechnicheskaya, 29, St.Petersburg, 195251, Russia

Lagushkin Sergey slagushkin@mail.ru Samylovskaya Ekaterina katerina-samylovskaya88@yandex.ru Eidemiller Konstantin The Arctic: history and present (Review of the international scientific conference) The article provides an overview of the international scientific conference “The Arctic: history and modernity”. The conference held from 20 to 21 april 2016 in the walls of the Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University. 10.5862/JHSS.255.22 94(47)+327+332.1](985)(08) Arctic Arctic zone of Rassian Federation conference security of the Arctic region history of Arctic exploration Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2016.26.22/ kulik_lagushkin.pdf