80301 2782-5450 Terra Linguistica 14 3 2023 1-122
RAR RUS 7-18 Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Baranovskii Pavel baranovskii.pavel@mail.ru
Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
 0000-0002-9510-2047 Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University Babenko Natalya banagr@rambler.ru
Kaliningrad, Russian Federation
 Digital frequency dictionary of Boris Ryzhy’s language in the context of modern author lexicography The article deals with the principles of compiling the “Digital Frequency Dictionary of Boris Ryzhy’s Language”. The features of macro- and microstructure are described, fragments of the main sections of lexicographic work are demonstrated. The informational and functional potential of thematic vocabulary in the dictionary, lexical combinations, frequency tables of grammatical classes as part of the frequency dictionary of the writer's language is indicated. The study on Boris Ryzhy’s lexicon was carried out with the aid of a complex methodology that combines quantitative, interpretive and comparative analysis. It is worth pointing out that the methodology of standardized data processing procedures was applied, as well as the comparative analysis of statistical results. Academic novelty of the research work is determined by the creation of a lexicographic web portal, which provides broad spectrum of information for the analysis, including a comparative one, of Boris Ryzhy’s poetic idiolect. At the moment, the concept of the “Digital Frequency Dictionary of Boris Ryzhy’s Language” is fully formed. The lexicographic project is a work in progress. 10.18721/JHSS.14301 81'374 author lexicography digital lexicography frequency dictionary idiostyle Boris Ryzhy https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2023.53.1/ 7-18.pdf
RAR RUS 19-27 The Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Egorov Igor
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 The Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Molkov Georgiy georgiymolkov@gmail.com
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 Problems of article structure formalization of the “Dictionary of the russian language of the 18th century” prior to electronic edition This article discusses the results of manual processing and classification of the structural elements of the “Dictionary of the Russian language of the 18th century” obtained from its 22 issues published so far. The purpose of this work is to accommodate the manifold repertory of metalinguistic techniques and design features characteristic of the aforementioned dictionary to a unified data structure frame, which could significantly facilitate the preparation of its database-driven digital version. The core difficulty of the task discovered during our analysis of the dictionary structure is the fact that there is no obvious way to determine the limit of deviations from the printed version acceptable for the digital edition. In our taxonomy we distinguish two types of structures, namely generic and unique ones. They can be formally represented by a three-level system of components: (1) the basic ones, (2) those subordinate to the basic ones, and (3) simple items of two types: (3.1) primary elements or (3.2) complex typical structures (component blocks). In this system, the generic structures are preserved entirely and without exception, whereas the unique ones can be included or left out by an additional decision. The particular features of the paper version which do not affect the data  structure are preserved in cases where the scope of a certain element is narrowed or expanded within one component block. In fact, if any atypical or rare use of an element exceeded the boundaries of a block and it were nevertheless decided to preserve this element, it would be necessary to expand the data structure with a new component useless outside this idiosyncratic case. In such situations, we propose to eliminate the unclaimed elements of dictionary entries from the original text in order to adjust it to the standard metalanguage of the dictionary. 10.18721/JHSS.14302 81'33 electronic lexicography normal data model database formalization Dictionary of the Russian language of the 18th century https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2023.53.2/ 19-27.pdf
RAR RUS 28-40 The Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Egorov Igor
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 The Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Priemysheva Marina mn.priemysheva@yandex.ru
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 The Institute for Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences Ridetskaya Yulia vjs_neolex@mail.ru
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 Lexicographic resource “New in Russian vocabulary” as a digital stage of the Russian academic neography The purpose of this article is to describe the structure and scientific potential of the digital information retrieval lexicographic resource “New in Russian vocabulary. Dictionary materials” (neolex.iling.spb.ru), developed in the group of dictionaries of new words of the Institute of Linguistic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The introduction of this resource allowed us to talk about a new, “digital” stage in the development of academic neography. In this article, using distributive and historicallinguistic methods of analysis, both pre-historical (“pre-digital”) and digital stages of the neological direction were presented. The idea of using computer technologies in academic neography appeared at the beginning of the 2000s, since then there were only “internal” databases for lexicographers. It was only in 2021 that the information retrieval resource neolex.iling.spb.ru was created and is now available to a wide range of users. It represents both annual dictionaries (from 2015 to 2021) and new materials. The main part of the article is devoted to the description of the macrostructure, microstructure, content, prospects of its use, and different types of search, which allow searching neologisms by various parameters (word, word component, year of appearance in Russian texts, labels, tags, etc.). Finally, the prospects of using the resource are outlined: it is able to combine printed lexicographic publications of the direction and dictionary materials of different periods, as well as to become the basis for the creation of various printed dictionaries. In the future, it is planned to optimise the work both at the level of structure and parameterisation and at the level of interaction with other resources. 10.18721/JHSS.14303 811.161.1, 81.33 lexicography new-words dictionary history of Russian lexicography computer lexicography neography https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2023.53.3/ 28-40.pdf
RAR RUS 41-51 Ivanovo State University Karpova Olga olga.m.karpova@gmail.com
Ivanovo, Russian Federation
 Shakespeare dictionaries in the digital era The paper deals with new types of Shakespeare dictionaries in the digital era. It covers the printed and online dictionaries with special reference to the changing of modern scientific lexicographic paradigm, i.e. appearance of new lexicographic forms, research of users’ needs and demands, dictionary format and sources. The analysis includes such parameters, as addressee, format, volume, sources, choice of entry words and their lexicographic treatment. The research results of new glossaries, quotation, terminological dictionaries, onomasticons, thematic encyclopedias discovered substantial changes in the lexicographic presentation and the coexistence of printed and online dictionaries to the complete and separate works of Shakespeare in the 21st century. The article significantly contributes to the description of modern English lexicographic scene in the digital age when printed and electronic reference works coexist. 10.18721/JHSS.14304 811'374 Shakespeare digitalization glossary quotation dictionary onomasticon author encyclopedia https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2023.53.4/ 41-51.pdf
RAR RUS 52-60 0000-0002-4666-5433 Lomonosov Moscow State University Klushina Natalia nklushina@mail.ru
Moscow, Russian Federation
 Trends in development of Russian language lexicon in Internet communicative space The purpose of this paper is to attempt to summarize the accumulated theoretical results in the field of language transformation of the digital age, to explain and emphasize the outlined trends of future language development in new technological conditions. The methodology for the elaboration of the scientific hypothesis was based on general scientific methods of observation of language functioning in Internet communication, the method of generalization of existing theoretical research in this scientific field, intuitive and logical forecasting of possible ways of language development. The material for identifying trends in language development was scientific publications, including the author's papers, about language use on the Internet. The author also employed scientific reflection on speech practices realised in the digital environment to substantiate the described trends. With the help of the study of lexical innovations in the Internet space, the author confirmed the hypothesis expressed in earlier works about the formation of a multimedia language code as the code most promising for the transmission of information in the digital environment. In addition, the author's contribution can be seen in raising overdue problems for the scientific community, such as the creation of media linguoecology. The main results of the study include the following conclusions about the transformation of the lexical system and prediction of future language development under the influence of Internet technologies. In the transformation of the lexical system of the digital age, the main role was played by the nominative and creative function of language. From the point of view of the theory of lacunarity, with the help of the actualisation of the nominative function, the lexical system was enriched with new lexemes and filled the existing lacunas in the language related to the naming of phenomena and things brought into our reality by new digital technologies. The creative function dominates the space of social networks and creates an Internet-usage that exerts direct pressure on the previously established literary norm. Multimedia signs, which have become the norm of informal Internet communication, have gained a firm foothold in the Internet-usage. Thus, the complex interaction of nominative and creative functions of language makes it possible to complicate the language and not only expand the lexical core, but also enrich the literary language as a whole, giving it the opportunity to respond to the new realities of the digital age. 10.18721/JHSS.14305 81'373 lexicon of the Russian language Internet communication new orality multimedia language code nominative function of language creative function of language https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2023.53.5/ 52-60.pdf
RAR RUS 61-79 0000-0003-3860-5606 Linguistics University of Nizhny Novgorod Marinova Elena marinova@list.ru
Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
 Terms creation in the Russian-language discourse on “Digit” The article considers the process of Digital Society terminology formation in the Russian language of the 21st century. The research sources were the scientific texts, official government documents, media discourse. In total, over 300 units of various terminology degree were analyzed. The aim of the article is to identify means of forming the terminology of the Digital Society; to identify the special process features and the concomitant linguistic processes: key terms semantics development, their meaning ideologization in media, the multiple naming of the same referent and its causes, the competition of term variants. The study was carried out within the functional sociolinguistics framework. The main approach is structural and descriptive. As a result, it established the general tendency of meaning change in the key terms and term elements – from technicism to socio-political vocabulary. “Цифровой” (tsifrovoj – digital), “цифра” (tsifra – digit), “цифровые технологии” (digital technologies), “цифровизация” (tsifrovizatsiya – digitalization) in the broad context of social life are understood as peculiar ideologems. In the context of actualized discourse on “digit”, the structure of term elements expands due to informal variants of the term, arising mainly in the media sphere: “цифра” (tsifra – digit) as digital technology, “биометрия” (biometriya – biometry) as biometric data, “цифро-” (tsifro- – digital-) is a clipped form to “tsifrovoj” (digital). Different ways of learning foreign language units in the Russian language stimulate the process of term creation. It leads to the doublets and variation: “дигитальный” (digitalnyj) for “tsifrovoj” (digital), “диджитал-” (didzhital-)/“дигитал-” (digital-). Most terminologized combinations, considered as terms, are mainly created with the help of one term element “цифровой” (tsifrovoj). Direct borrowings “дигитальный” (digitalnyi), “диджитал” (didzhital), “дигитализация” (digitalizatsiya) refer to specific professional fields. During the term creation, synonymous relations arise due to the semantics development of one of the doublets; due to renaming under the impact of a trend: “цифровое правительство” (tsifrovoe pravitel’stvo – digital government) instead of “электронное правительство” (elektronnoe pravitel’stvo – e-government); due to unequal  translation of the terminological nomination from a foreign language: “карта болельщика” (karta bolel’shchika – fan card) instead of “паспорт болельщика” (pasport bolel’shchika – fan ID). The paper notes terms that were inaccurate and incorrect for the addressee: “цифровая личность” (tsifrovaya lichnost’ – digital identity), “цифровой портрет” (tsifrovoj portret – digital profile), “цифровой след” (tsifrovoj sled – digital footprint) as designations for the collection of personal data without the user's consent. Difficulties in verbalizing the concepts of the Digital Society are caused by ambiguously defined information about the dangers and risks of digitalization. 10.18721/JHSS.14306 811.161.1’37 Russian language Digital Society terminology formation discourse key term elements variation of the linguistic sign term pragmatics https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2023.53.6/ 61-79.pdf
RAR RUS 80-93 0000-0001-9085-0284 St. Petersburg State University Khokhlova Maria m.khokhlova@spbu.ru
St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
 Statistical methods in lexicographic research: representing frequency vocabulary Statistical methods have been used in linguistics for a long time. However, recently, information technologies have boosted the development of statistical tools, which are now more actively used for applied tasks, including processing and presentation of text data. The purpose of the work is to describe a number of statistical metrics used in lexicographic studies, involving a frequency dictionary of the Russian language, text corpora and databases that present information about lexical collocability. These measures are implemented to differentiate vocabulary on different grounds, highlighting key words and phrases characteristic of texts of a certain style or topic. The paper also provides a brief historical overview of the application of quantitative methods to text analysis. 10.18721/JHSS.14307 004.62 statistical methods text corpora frequency dictionaries collocations databases Russian language https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2023.53.7/ 80-93.pdf
RAR RUS 94-113 AAF-1855-2019 57203537524 0000-0001-9585-9472 Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the RAS Shestakova Larisa lara.shestakova@mail.ru
Moscow, Russian Federation
 0000-0001-6536-3943 Vinogradov Russian Language Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences Kuleva Anna an_kuleva@mail.ru
Moscow, Russian Federation
 Author lexicography in the digital age The present paper discusses the process of digitalization of modern Russian lexicography using one of its directions as the example. We chose author lexicography, which is understood as the theory and practice of compiling dictionaries of the language of individual authors and groups of authors (writers, scientists, philosophers, politicians, etc.). This scientific area has been actively developing in recent decades, which is largely due to the emergence and improvement of digital technologies that make it possible to process significant volumes of text and to structure the results obtained on various bases. To rely on the methodology of lexicographic criticism, the paper examines different types of electronic author dictionaries: actually electronic, created in the digital environment, and electronic versions of printed dictionaries. The research focuses on projects of dictionaries of the first group, which were based on philologically verified text corpora with rich markup. Their theoretical support, intermediate and final results, strengths and weaknesses are analyzed. Particular attention is paid, on the one hand, to author concordances, the information capabilities of which have significantly expanded with the use of new technological tools, and, on the other hand, to complex types of lexicographical products that combine a dictionary, a corpus of texts, a software tool and a user manual. It is shown that the originality and advantage of electronic author dictionaries are found both in the absence of restrictions on their volume, and in the possibility of using hyperlinks, in sorting by various parameters, etc. This is also demonstrated by information and search systems, which were created based on materials of author dictionaries of different genres in book versions. The paper is illustrated with examples from various dictionaries for the works of Russian writers and poets of the 18th–20th centuries. 10.18721/JHSS.14308 811.161.1‘374.3 digitalization author lexicography corpus database electronic author dictionary concordance dictionary entry https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2023.53.8/ 94-113.pdf
RAR RUS 114-122 Moscow City University Suleimanova Olga olgasoul@rambler.ru
Moscow, Russian Federation
 0000-0003-3060-1387 Moscow City University Petrova Inna miinna@yandex.ru
Moscow, Russian Federation
 Lexical meanings in dynamic perspective The paper focuses on the word semantic structure and its dynamics in time, on how and why new word meanings emerge. Semantic transfers involved in derivation are specified: metonymic and metaphoric mechanisms are analyzed, the idea that only some of the transfers can be qualified as new meanings and find their way into dictionary entries is supported. The authors argue that the meaning emerged tends to live in the language unchanged (most often), the claim is substantiated by the practical arguments relying on the semantic derivation within the semantic structure of the English adjective “green”. Another claim that the meaning is normally perceived as coinciding for the whole pool of native speakers, which means that it is at least incautious to promote the idea of its individuality. The idea is supported by empirical data. The study of changes in the semantic structure of a word is based on a comparison of the meaning of a word in synchronic and diachronic contexts. The research methods include lexicographic, lexical-semantic and contextual analyses. The word “green” is used as an example, the choice being prompted by the lexicographical sample suggested by L.V. Scherba for the French adjective “vert / verte” (green). 10.18721/JHSS.14309 811.1/.8 meaning semantic transfer derivation semantic structure adjective https://human.spbstu.ru/article/2023.53.9/